Sannu ku duka, idan kun ta\u0253a mamakin dalilin da ya sa feshin lambun ku ke manne wa ganye maimakon ya tsallake, ko yadda masu tsabtace masana'antu ke yankar mai kamar yadda wu\u0199a mai zafi ke yankar man shanu, kuna kallon sihiri na sinadaran saurin shayarwa. A matsayin mutum da ya shafe sama da shekaru 25 cikin zurfin kimiyyar surfaktant, yana tsara magungunan sa ruwa ya manne ga kowanne abu daga kimiyyar noma har zuwa layukan masana'antu, na ga yadda wa\u0257annan jaruman da ba a yaba musu ba ke sauya matakai masu wahala zuwa sau\u0199i. Ba su ne mafi jan hankali a duniyar sinadarai ba, amma ba tare da su ba, da yawa daga masana'antu za su makale da hanyoyi marasa inganci kuma masu \u0253arnatar da albarkatu. A cikin wannan labarin, zan yi bayani dalla-dalla kan menene sinadarai masu sa ruwa ya shanye, yadda suke aiki, nau'ikan su daban-daban, aikace-aikacensu a zahiri, wasu shawarwari daga fagen aiki, da inda nake ganin wannan fasaha ke tafiya. Ku ci gaba da karantawa idan kuna sha'awar yadda za ku sa ruwa ya yi aiki tu\u0199uru a gare ku.<\/p>\n
Da farko, mu daidaita abubuwan asali. Mai sa ruwa ya manne a zahiri surfaktant ne\u2014wato sinadari mai aiki a saman ruwa\u2014da ke rage \u0199arfin jan saman ruwa da \u0199asa. Ka yi tunanin ruwa yana taruwa a \u0199ananan \u0199wallaye a saman murfin mota mai wax; wannan \u0199arfin jan saman ruwa ne mai \u0199arfi, inda ruwan ke ja kansa zuwa \u0199wallaye maimakon ya bazu. Idan aka \u0199ara mai sa ruwa ya manne, wannan \u0199arfin jan saman zai ragu, yana ba ruwa damar shimfi\u0257a ya rufe fadi mai yawa. A ta fuskar sinadarai, wa\u0257annan wakilai suna da kai mai son ruwa (hydrophilic) da wutsiya mai tsoron ruwa (hydrophobic), wanda ke ba su damar ha\u0257a gibin tsakanin ruwan polar kamar ruwa da saman non-polar kamar man fetur ko filastik. A farkon kwanakin aikina a dakin gwaje-gwaje, na kan nuna wannan ta hanyar zubar da \u0257an sabulu na wanke kwanoni a cikin kwano mai ruwa da \u0257an barkono\u2014barkonon yana bazuwa yayin da \u0199arfin jan ruwa ya karye. Abu ne mai sau\u0199i, amma yana nuna ka'idar.<\/p>\n
Ta yaya suke aiki a aikace? Dukkaninsu ya ta'allaka ne kan kusurwar tuntu\u0253a. Ba tare da wakilin laushi ba, kusurwar tsakanin \u0199wallon ruwa da saman na iya wuce digiri 90, wanda ke nufin laushi ba shi da kyau. Idan ka saita shi \u0199asa da digiri 30, za ka samu matsewar ruwa mai \u0199arfi, inda ruwa ke yaduwa siriri kuma da sauri. Wannan yana da matu\u0199ar muhimmanci a yanayi inda shiga cikin abu ke da mahimmanci, kamar yadda ruwa ke nutsewa cikin \u0199asa ko yadi. Daga abin da na gwada, ingancinsa ya dogara da \u0199arfin maganin\u2014idan ka\u0257an ne, rufewar ba ta daidaito; idan ya yi yawa, za ka iya samun kumfa ko tarkace. pH da zafin jiki ma suna taka rawa; wasu magunguna suna aiki mafi kyau a yanayin acid, wasu kuma a alkaline.<\/p>\n
Akwai wasu manyan nau'uka da nake mu'amala da su akai-akai. Sinadarai masu sa ruwa su yi aiki ba tare da caji ba, kamar alcohol ethoxylates, suna da amfani iri-iri kuma suna da \u0257orewa a kowane matakin pH, wanda hakan ya sa su dace da amfani gaba \u0257aya. Suna da laushi, ba sa haifar da kumfa mai yawa, kuma suna iya lalacewa ta halitta, shi ya sa ake yawan amfani da su a cikin sinadarai masu kiyaye muhalli. Na anionic, kamar sodium lauryl sulfate, suna da \u0199arfi sosai wajen tsaftacewa mai nauyi amma na iya zama masu tsauri ga fata ko muhalli. Sinadarai cationic, da \u0199ar\u0253ar caji mai kyau, suna fice a aikace-aikacen hana statik, kamar masu laushin yadi. Sannan akwai nau'ikan amphoteric, wa\u0257anda ke canza halayensu dangane da pH\u2014masu amfani a yanayi masu bambancin pH. A cikin ha\u0257a\u0257\u0257un magungunan da nake yi, sau da yawa ina ha\u0257a su; misali, ha\u0257a marasa ionic da masu ionic don \u0199arin shiga \u0199urar \u0199asa a cikin magungunan kashe \u0199wari.<\/p>\n
Menene aikace-aikacensu? Ta ina zan fara? A fannin noma, sinadaran sa ruwa sukan canza wasan feshi. Suna tabbatar da cewa magungunan kashe ciyawa ko taki sun manne da ganyen shuka, suna rage zubar ruwa kuma suna \u0199ara tasirinsu. Na yi aiki kan kayayyakin gona inda \u0199ara 0.11% na sinadaran sa ruwa ya rage amfani da ruwa da kashi 20%, yana ceton ku\u0257in manoma da kuma taimakawa muhalli. A cikin magungunan tsaftace gida, suna taimakawa sabulai su shiga cikin datti a saman abubuwa\u2014ka yi tunanin yadda feshin tagogi ke shimfi\u0257a daidai ba tare da barin tabo ba. A masana'antu, a cikin ruwan aikin \u0199arfe, suna inganta shafawa da sanyaya ta hanyar sa saman kayan aiki ya fi shan ruwa. Masana'antar yadi na amfani da su wajen yin toka; ba tare da isasshen shayarwa ba, launuka ba sa fita daidai. Har ma a kumfa na kashe gobara, sinadaran shayarwa suna taimakawa ruwa ya shiga cikin kayan da ke \u0199onewa cikin sauri. Wani aikin da ya fi fice a gare ni shi ne ha\u0253aka sinadari mai shayarwa don magance zubar mai\u2014ya taimaka wajen ha\u0257a mai da ruwa a saman ruwa, yana sa aikin tsabtacewa ya fi sauri kuma ya fi tsabta.<\/p>\n
Amfanin ya wuce kawai yaduwa. Ingantacciyar shayarwa na nufin ana bu\u0199atar \u0199aramin samfur, wanda ke rage ku\u0257i da sharar gida. A cikin maganin ruwan sharar gida, suna taimakawa wajen raba mai daga ruwa, suna inganta tsarkakewa. A mahallin muhalli, sabbin sinadaran shayarwa na zamani da aka yi daga tsirrai kamar kwakwa ko wake-soya suna maye gurbin wa\u0257anda ake samu daga danyen mai, suna rage guba. Amma a yi hattara da matsaloli: wasu na iya haifar da kumfa mai yawa idan ba a daidaita su da masu hana kumfa ba, ko su iya haifar da kumburin fata idan sun yi yawa. Dokoki kamar REACH a Turai suna \u0199arfafa amfani da za\u0253u\u0253\u0253uka masu aminci, don haka gwajin iya lalacewa da kansa a muhalli yana da matu\u0199ar muhimmanci. A \u0199warewata, koyaushe ka yi gwajin dacewa\u2014ha\u0257a sinadarin sawa mai laushi da babban tsarin sinadarai sannan ka lura na tsawon awanni 24 don gano matsaloli kamar rabuwa.<\/p>\n
Shawarwari daga aiki kai tsaye: Fara da \u0199aramin \u0199ima\u20140.05\u20130.51 TP3T sau da yawa ya isa. Don amfani a \u0199asa, la'akari da irin \u0199asa; \u0199asa mai yashi tana \u0257aukar ruwa da sau\u0199i fiye da laka. A cikin feshi, \u0199irar nozulu na da muhimmanci\u2014feshin ruwa mai laushi yafi amfana daga sinadarai masu rage \u0199arfin jawo ruwa. Ajiya? Ajiye su a wuri mai sanyi kuma a rufe su da kyau don hana lalacewa. Na horar da \u0199ungiyoyi a kan wannan: a auna \u0199arfin jan ruwa a saman ruwa da tensiometer kafin da bayan \u0199ara sinadarin don auna ingancin ha\u0253aka.<\/p>\n
Idan muka kalli gaba, sinadaran sa ruwa suna \u0199ara wayo. Sigar da aka inganta da nano tana ba da alkawarin amfani da \u0199ananan matakan magani don samun irin wannan tasiri, wanda ya dace da aikin gona na daidaito. Sinadaran bio-surfactant daga \u0199wayoyin cuta suna \u0199aruwa, suna ba da madadin kore tare da fa'idodin kashe \u0199wayoyin cuta. Tare da sauyin yanayi, sinadaran sa ruwa masu juriya ga bushewa don ban ruwa suna da matu\u0199ar bu\u0199ata\u2014suna taimakawa ruwa ya shiga cikin \u0199asashe masu bushewa sosai. A ganina, yayin da masana'antu ke zama masu dorewa, wa\u0257annan za su bun\u0199asa su zama masu ayyuka da yawa, watakila suna ha\u0257a \u0257aukar ruwa da maganin kwari ko kariya daga hasken UV.<\/p>\n
A \u0199arshe, wakilin shayarwa watakila ba shi da \u0199yalli, amma suna da matu\u0199ar muhimmanci don inganci a ko'ina. Suna kasancewa abin dogaro na, suna mayar da \u201cmai kyau kawai\u201d zuwa \u201cna \u0199warai\u201d a cikin ayyuka marasa adadi. Idan kana gwaji da ruwa da saman abubuwa, gwada su\u2014watakila su ne ha\u0253akar da kake bu\u0199ata.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Mai sa ruwa ya shiga: Bu\u0257e \u0199arfin matsin saman ruwa don ingantaccen aiki. Sannu ku duka, idan kun ta\u0253a mamakin dalilin da ya sa lambun ku [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wettingagent.net\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wettingagent.net\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wettingagent.net\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wettingagent.net\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wettingagent.net\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/wettingagent.net\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8,"href":"https:\/\/wettingagent.net\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7\/revisions\/8"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wettingagent.net\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wettingagent.net\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wettingagent.net\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}